Since the early 1980s, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been shown to be the best way to determine if the blood sugar levels of an individual with type 1 diabetes are too high or too low. The measurement helps individuals monitor their diabetes control to determine if adjustments in diet, insulin, or exercise are needed. Although SMBG may at first seem difficult, and adds to the expense of treatment, diabetes management has improved greatly since it became widely available.

SMBG involves taking a drop of blood, usually from a fingertip, and placing it on a specially coated strip. Strips are read either visually or by a meter. Visually read strips change color according to the amount of sugar in the blood. The color is compared to a color chart provided with the strips. To use a glucose meter, individuals insert the strip into the meter and it gives a digital reading of their blood sugar level, usually within a minute.

Using a blood glucose meter is a more accurate way to test blood sugar. SMBG meters available since the early 1990s offer many features. Some are small and lightweight, and some can store blood sugar readings for a few days or weeks. Meters are sold in drug stores or in diabetes supply stores. Correct use of the meter is necessary to obtain accurate readings.

It is important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations for called calibrating the meter. Failure to do so could cause inaccurate test readings, leading to errors in management.

Results of blood sugar measurements should be recorded in a diary available through pharmacies and doctors' offices. The books have space for recording events such as extra activities or sickness that may affect blood sugar levels. This information will help patient and doctor adjust insulin doses or make other changes in care, if necessary. Sometimes the diary may show patterns in blood sugar levels that indicate a need to contact a health professional between office visits.